Interface Segregation Principle (ISP)

Overview

Clients should not be forced to depend on interfaces they don't use.

Many small, focused interfaces are better than one large "fat" interface. If an implementer must throw exceptions or provide no-ops for interface methods, the interface is too large.

When to Use

• Designing a new interface
• Implementing an interface with unused methods
• Forced to implement methods that don't apply
• Interface has more than 5-7 methods
• Different implementers use different subsets of methods

The Iron Rule

NEVER implement an interface method with throw or no-op.

No exceptions:

• Not for "it's what the interface requires"
• Not for "I'll provide both approaches"
• Not for "the caller can check capabilities"
• Not for "it's clearly documented as unsupported"

Providing both the violation and the correct approach is still providing a violation.

Detection: The "Throw/No-op" Smell

If your implementation looks like this, the interface is wrong:

// ❌ FAT INTERFACE
interface MultiFunctionDevice {
  print(doc: string): void;
  scan(): string;
  fax(doc: string): void;
}

// ❌ VIOLATION: Forced to implement unusable methods
class BasicPrinter implements MultiFunctionDevice {
  print(doc: string): void { /* works */ }
  scan(): string { throw new Error("Not supported"); }  // ← ISP violation
  fax(doc: string): void { /* no-op */ }                // ← ISP violation
}

The Correct Pattern: Segregated Interfaces

Split the fat interface into focused capabilities:

// ✅ CORRECT: Segregated interfaces
interface Printer {
  print(doc: string): void;
}

interface Scanner {
  scan(): string;
}

interface Fax {
  fax(doc: string): void;
}

// Implement only what you support
class BasicPrinter implements Printer {
  print(doc: string): void { /* works */ }
  // No scan or fax - doesn't promise what it can't deliver
}

class AllInOne implements Printer, Scanner, Fax {
  print(doc: string): void { /* works */ }
  scan(): string { /* works */ }
  fax(doc: string): void { /* works */ }
}

// Combined type for callers who need everything
type MultiFunctionDevice = Printer & Scanner & Fax;

Pressure Resistance Protocol

1. "The Interface Already Exists"

Pressure: "Implement this existing interface, handle unsupported methods"

Response: The interface is wrong. Propose splitting it.

Action:

"This interface forces implementers to provide throw/no-op for methods they don't support.
I recommend splitting into: [list focused interfaces].
Should I refactor the interface, or document this as tech debt?"

2. "Just Throw an Error"

Pressure: "Handle unsupported methods by throwing"

Response: Runtime errors for expected interface methods is a design failure.

Action: Split the interface so implementers only promise what they can deliver.

3. "I'll Provide Both Options"

Pressure: "Here's the violation you asked for AND here's the better way"

Response: Providing the violation at all enables bad code to ship.

Action: Provide ONLY the correct approach. Don't implement the fat interface.

4. "Callers Can Check First"

Pressure: "Add a supports(method) check"

Response: This is a workaround for bad design. Type system should enforce capabilities.

Action: Split interfaces so the type system does the checking at compile time.

Red Flags - STOP and Reconsider

If you notice ANY of these, the interface needs splitting:

• Implementing a method with throw new Error
• Implementing a method as no-op (empty body)
• Interface has 7+ methods
• Different implementers use different subsets
• Adding supportsX() capability checks
• Implementers have large blocks of unused methods

All of these mean: Split the interface.

Interface Design Guidelines

Size

• Ideal: 1-3 methods per interface
• Acceptable: 4-5 methods if highly cohesive
• Too large: 6+ methods - look for split opportunities

Cohesion Test

Ask: "Do ALL implementers need ALL these methods?"

• Yes → Keep together
• No → Split

Common Splits

Fat Interface	Segregated Interfaces
Repository<T>	Readable<T>, Writable<T>
Worker	Workable, Eatable, Meetable
MultiFunctionDevice	Printer, Scanner, Fax
FileSystem	FileReader, FileWriter, FileDeleter
UserService	UserReader, UserWriter, UserAuth

Quick Reference

Symptom	Action
Method implemented as throw	Split interface
Method implemented as no-op	Split interface
7+ methods in interface	Look for split
supports() capability checks	Split interface
Implementers ignore methods	Split interface

Common Rationalizations (All Invalid)

Excuse	Reality
"The interface already exists"	Interfaces can be refactored.
"Throwing makes it explicit"	Compile errors are better than runtime errors.
"I provided both approaches"	Providing the violation enables bad code.
"It's documented as unsupported"	Documentation doesn't fix design flaws.
"Many interfaces is complex"	Many small interfaces is simpler than one broken one.
"Callers can check capabilities"	Type system should do this, not runtime checks.

The Bottom Line

No client should be forced to depend on methods it doesn't use.

When asked to implement a fat interface:

1. Identify which methods are actually needed
2. Propose segregated interfaces
3. Implement only the focused interfaces

Never provide throw/no-op implementations. Never provide "both options." The fat interface is the problem - fix it.