server-management
PopularServer management principles and decision-making. Process management, monitoring strategy, and scaling decisions. Teaches thinking, not commands.
Server management principles and decision-making. Process management, monitoring strategy, and scaling decisions. Teaches thinking, not commands.
Server Management
Server management principles for production operations.
Learn to THINK, not memorize commands.
1. Process Management Principles
Tool Selection
| Scenario | Tool |
|---|---|
| Node.js app | PM2 (clustering, reload) |
| Any app | systemd (Linux native) |
| Containers | Docker/Podman |
| Orchestration | Kubernetes, Docker Swarm |
Process Management Goals
| Goal | What It Means |
|---|---|
| Restart on crash | Auto-recovery |
| Zero-downtime reload | No service interruption |
| Clustering | Use all CPU cores |
| Persistence | Survive server reboot |
2. Monitoring Principles
What to Monitor
| Category | Key Metrics |
|---|---|
| Availability | Uptime, health checks |
| Performance | Response time, throughput |
| Errors | Error rate, types |
| Resources | CPU, memory, disk |
Alert Severity Strategy
| Level | Response |
|---|---|
| Critical | Immediate action |
| Warning | Investigate soon |
| Info | Review daily |
Monitoring Tool Selection
| Need | Options |
|---|---|
| Simple/Free | PM2 metrics, htop |
| Full observability | Grafana, Datadog |
| Error tracking | Sentry |
| Uptime | UptimeRobot, Pingdom |
3. Log Management Principles
Log Strategy
| Log Type | Purpose |
|---|---|
| Application logs | Debug, audit |
| Access logs | Traffic analysis |
| Error logs | Issue detection |
Log Principles
- Rotate logs to prevent disk fill
- Structured logging (JSON) for parsing
- Appropriate levels (error/warn/info/debug)
- No sensitive data in logs
4. Scaling Decisions
When to Scale
| Symptom | Solution |
|---|---|
| High CPU | Add instances (horizontal) |
| High memory | Increase RAM or fix leak |
| Slow response | Profile first, then scale |
| Traffic spikes | Auto-scaling |
Scaling Strategy
| Type | When to Use |
|---|---|
| Vertical | Quick fix, single instance |
| Horizontal | Sustainable, distributed |
| Auto | Variable traffic |
5. Health Check Principles
What Constitutes Healthy
| Check | Meaning |
|---|---|
| HTTP 200 | Service responding |
| Database connected | Data accessible |
| Dependencies OK | External services reachable |
| Resources OK | CPU/memory not exhausted |
Health Check Implementation
- Simple: Just return 200
- Deep: Check all dependencies
- Choose based on load balancer needs
6. Security Principles
| Area | Principle |
|---|---|
| Access | SSH keys only, no passwords |
| Firewall | Only needed ports open |
| Updates | Regular security patches |
| Secrets | Environment vars, not files |
| Audit | Log access and changes |
7. Troubleshooting Priority
When something's wrong:
- Check if running (process status)
- Check logs (error messages)
- Check resources (disk, memory, CPU)
- Check network (ports, DNS)
- Check dependencies (database, APIs)
8. Anti-Patterns
| ❌ Don't | ✅ Do |
|---|---|
| Run as root | Use non-root user |
| Ignore logs | Set up log rotation |
| Skip monitoring | Monitor from day one |
| Manual restarts | Auto-restart config |
| No backups | Regular backup schedule |
Remember: A well-managed server is boring. That's the goal.
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