geopandas

GeoPandas

Use GeoPandas for planar vector data represented as pandas-like GeoSeries and
GeoDataFrame objects. This skill targets stable GeoPandas 1.1.4 (released
2026-06-26), not the unreleased 1.2 documentation.

Reproducible environment

GeoPandas 1.1.4 requires Python 3.10+; its tagged source requires NumPy >=1.24,
pandas >=2.0, Shapely >=2.0, pyproj >=3.5, pyogrio >=0.7.2, and packaging.
This exact Python 3.12 snapshot was smoke-tested on 2026-07-23:

uv venv --python 3.12
uv pip install \
  "geopandas==1.1.4" \
  "numpy==2.5.1" \
  "pandas==3.0.5" \
  "shapely==2.1.2" \
  "pyproj==3.7.2" \
  "pyogrio==0.13.0" \
  "pyarrow==25.0.0" \
  "packaging==26.2"

Keep optional plotting and PostGIS packages pinned in the project lock as well.
Do not mix binary geospatial packages from incompatible package channels.

Safety and privacy contract

• Treat exact coordinates, addresses, parcel boundaries, trajectories, and
  small-area joins as sensitive. Default reports to counts, categories, coarse
  extents, and redacted identifiers. Generalize before publication.
• Never automatically load a URL, cloud URI, GDAL /vsi* path, archive, or
  geocode an address. Obtain explicit approval, validate provenance and hashes,
  then stage an unpacked local file in an isolated workspace.
• GDAL/OGR drivers, GEOS, PROJ, pyogrio, Shapely, pyproj, and their wheels are a
  native-code trust boundary. Prefer official wheels/conda-forge, record native
  versions, restrict drivers, and process untrusted data in a sandbox.
• Do not open macro-enabled office files or nested archives through permissive
  GDAL drivers. The bundled CLIs use an extension allowlist and reject archives.
• Read only named database secrets such as GEOPANDAS_POSTGIS_PASSWORD; use a
  secret manager or scoped environment variable. Never embed a password in a
  URL or source, print an engine/URL, or dump the environment.
• Every derived artifact needs source hashes/versions, CRS, operation parameters,
  predicate, join cardinality, precision/repair choices, and row-count checks.

Correctness gates

Apply these gates before trusting a result:

1. Identity and provenance — identify the source layer, stable feature key,
   duplicate IDs, row count, geometry column, parser/driver, and content hash.
2. Geometry state — count null, empty, invalid, mixed, Z/M, and collapsed
   geometries separately. None is missing; an empty Shapely geometry is real.
3. CRS semantics — require CRS metadata. set_crs() assigns metadata;
   to_crs() transforms coordinates. Never guess a CRS from coordinate ranges.
4. Units and operation — GeoPandas is planar. Geographic coordinates are
   angular; do not use them directly for buffer, distance, area, nearest joins,
   precision grids, or tolerances. Choose a fit-for-purpose local/equal-area CRS
   or a geodesic method.
5. Transform quality — inspect axis order, area of use, datum pipeline,
   expected accuracy, ballpark status, and missing grids. Keep PROJ network
   disabled unless the user explicitly approves grid retrieval.
6. Topology and precision — validate before and after repair/overlay. Pick a
   precision grid from source accuracy and CRS units; arbitrary snapping can
   collapse features or create bias.
7. Cardinality — state expected one-to-one, one-to-many, or many-to-many
   behavior before merge, sjoin, or sjoin_nearest; audit unmatched and
   multiplied rows afterward.
8. Output contract — use a new output path, preserve a stable feature ID,
   document schema/CRS/encoding, reopen the artifact, and compare counts/types.

CRS and antimeridian rules

GeoPandas stores CRS as pyproj.CRS. Coordinate arrays use traditional GIS
(x, y) order, while authority definitions can advertise latitude-first axes.
Use Transformer(..., always_xy=True) for explicit coordinate-array pipelines,
and record that choice.

to_crs() transforms vertices and assumes each segment is straight in the
source CRS; it does not transform geodesic arcs. Geometries crossing ±180° or a
projection boundary can be badly wrapped. Detect crossings, split/unwrap and
densify in a documented geographic representation, transform parts, then
validate. Do not use Web Mercator as a general measurement CRS.

crs = gdf.crs  # a pyproj.CRS when present
if crs is None or crs.is_geographic:
    raise ValueError("Choose a justified projected CRS before planar measurement")

unit_names = [axis.unit_name for axis in crs.axis_info]
areas = gdf.geometry.area  # square CRS units, not automatically square metres

See CRS management.

Core API decisions

Data structures

• A GeoDataFrame can hold multiple geometry columns, each with CRS metadata,
  but only active_geometry_name drives frame-level spatial operations.
• Binary GeoSeries methods are row-wise and align by index by default. Use
  align=False only when positional pairing is explicitly intended and lengths
  and order were verified.
• Duplicate column names and duplicate feature IDs are ambiguous; reject or
  resolve them before joins and exports.

See data structures.

Geometry validity, precision, and union

Use is_valid and redacted is_valid_reason() categories before
make_valid(method="linework"|"structure", keep_collapsed=...). Repair can
change geometry type or dimension; retain the original and compare counts,
area, types, empties, and collapsed parts.

set_precision(grid_size, mode=...) uses CRS units and may remove duplicate
vertices or collapse features. union_all(method="unary", grid_size=...) is the
robust default. Use coverage only after is_valid_coverage() proves
non-overlap and edge matching; use disjoint_subset with Shapely >=2.1 when its
partitioning assumption is useful.

See geometric operations.

Joins, overlay, clip, and dissolve

• sjoin predicates are directional: left.within(right) is not
  left.contains(right). intersects includes boundary contact; contains
  excludes boundary-only points, while covers includes boundary points.
• predicate="dwithin" requires distance; scalar or per-left-row distances
  are in CRS units. sjoin_nearest returns all equidistant nearest matches and
  does not implement a k= parameter.
• overlay(..., make_valid=True) repairs invalid input but can change types;
  keep_geom_type=None drops other types with a warning. Precision mismatch can
  create slivers; quantify them rather than silently deleting them.
• clip dissolves the mask. Rectangle clipping is fast but possibly dirty and
  may omit a line collapsed to a point; validate its output.
• dissolve combines groupby.agg with union_all; choose explicit attribute
  aggregations and audit null group keys.

See spatial analysis.

I/O, Arrow, and PostGIS

GeoPandas 1.x defaults to pyogrio. Driver availability and semantics come from
the installed GDAL, not GeoPandas alone. Prefer local GeoPackage for general
interchange and WKB GeoParquet for columnar interoperability.

GeoParquet defaults to stable schema 1.0.0. Native GeoArrow encodings and bbox
covering require schema 1.1.0 and remain less interoperable. A missing GeoParquet
crs key means OGC:CRS84; explicit crs: null means unknown—do not conflate
them. Reopen and validate every export.

Use parameterized SQL and a SQLAlchemy Engine/Connection for PostGIS.
if_exists="replace" is destructive; default to "fail" and use a transaction.

See data I/O.

Migration checklist

For code moving from GeoPandas 0.14 or earlier:

• GeoPandas 1.0 supports Shapely >=2 only; PyGEOS, Shapely <2, and the rtree
  spatial-index backend were removed.
• pyogrio replaced Fiona as the installed/default I/O engine. Set engine=
  explicitly and test schema, empty, datetime, encoding, and append behavior.
• Replace sjoin(op=...) with predicate=, sindex.query_bulk() with
  sindex.query(), unary_union with union_all(), and
  GeometryArray.data with to_numpy()/np.asarray.
• Replace read_file(include_fields=...|ignore_fields=...) with columns=.
  Use schema_version=, not the removed GeoParquet version= compatibility.
• Do not use removed geopandas.datasets, internal geopandas.io.* entry
  points, plot axes/colormap, or set-operation operators.
• explode() now defaults index_parts=False; a named Series passed to
  set_geometry() supplies the new active-column name; a named right index can
  replace index_right in sjoin output.
• Do not assign .crs to override metadata or rely on deprecated
  set_geometry(drop=...); use explicit set_crs() and rename/drop steps.
• GeoPandas 1.1 requires Python >=3.10, pandas >=2.0, NumPy >=1.24, and pyproj

  =3.5. Version 1.1.2 fixed SQL injection through a PostGIS geometry-column
  name; the pinned 1.1.4 includes that fix.

Plotting and exploration

Maps are analytical outputs: label units, classification method, missing data,
normalization denominator, and date. explore() can expose every attribute in
tooltips/popups and contact tile/CDN servers; generalize first and use
tiles=None, tooltip=False, and popup=False for a local draft.

See visualization.

Bundled local CLIs

All helpers are deterministic, reject network/archive paths, bound input bytes
and feature counts, keep imports lazy so --help is dependency-free, and emit
JSON without coordinates or record identifiers.

CLI	Purpose
scripts/vector_inventory.py	Redacted local vector/GeoParquet technical inventory
scripts/crs_reprojection_plan.py	CRS units, axes, candidate transform and antimeridian plan
scripts/geometry_validity_report.py	Dry-run validity audit; optional repair to a new GeoPackage
scripts/spatial_join_audit.py	Predicate semantics, duplicate IDs and join cardinality
scripts/export_plan.py	Non-executing vector/GeoParquet export contract
scripts/sensitive_coordinates_checklist.py	Privacy/generalization release gate

python skills/geopandas/scripts/vector_inventory.py --help
python skills/geopandas/scripts/crs_reprojection_plan.py \
  --source-crs EPSG:4326 --target-crs EPSG:32631
python skills/geopandas/scripts/geometry_validity_report.py data.gpkg
python skills/geopandas/scripts/spatial_join_audit.py points.gpkg zones.gpkg \
  --predicate within --left-id point_id --right-id zone_id
python skills/geopandas/scripts/export_plan.py data.gpkg result.parquet \
  --format geoparquet --schema-version 1.0.0 \
  --stable-id-column feature_id --id-unique-verified
python skills/geopandas/scripts/sensitive_coordinates_checklist.py \
  --public-output --precise-points --contains-addresses

Reference index

• Data structures
• CRS management
• Geometric operations
• Spatial analysis
• Data I/O
• Visualization

Sources (verified 2026-07-23)

• GeoPandas 1.1.4 on PyPI — released 2026-06-26.
• GeoPandas 1.1.4 release — bug-fix release.
• GeoPandas 1.1.4 tagged dependencies.
• Stable GeoPandas documentation.
• GeoPandas 1.0 migration release.