Three.js 交互

快速开始

import * as THREE from "three";
import { OrbitControls } from "three/addons/controls/OrbitControls.js";

// 相机控制器
const controls = new OrbitControls(camera, renderer.domElement);
controls.enableDamping = true;

// 用于点击检测的射线投射
const raycaster = new THREE.Raycaster();
const mouse = new THREE.Vector2();

function onClick(event) {
  mouse.x = (event.clientX / window.innerWidth) * 2 - 1;
  mouse.y = -(event.clientY / window.innerHeight) * 2 + 1;

  raycaster.setFromCamera(mouse, camera);
  const intersects = raycaster.intersectObjects(scene.children);

  if (intersects.length > 0) {
    console.log("点击了:", intersects[0].object);
  }
}

window.addEventListener("click", onClick);

射线投射器 (Raycaster)

基本射线投射

const raycaster = new THREE.Raycaster();

// 从相机出发（鼠标拾取）
raycaster.setFromCamera(mousePosition, camera);

// 从任意原点和方向出发
raycaster.set(origin, direction); // origin: Vector3, direction: 归一化的 Vector3

// 获取交点
const intersects = raycaster.intersectObjects(objects, recursive);

// intersects 数组包含：
// {
//   distance: number,          // 距射线原点的距离
//   point: Vector3,            // 世界坐标中的交点
//   face: Face3,               // 相交的面
//   faceIndex: number,         // 面索引
//   object: Object3D,          // 相交的对象
//   uv: Vector2,               // 交点处的 UV 坐标
//   uv1: Vector2,              // 第二 UV 通道
//   normal: Vector3,           // 插值后的面法线
//   instanceId: number         // 对于 InstancedMesh
// }

鼠标位置转换

const mouse = new THREE.Vector2();

function updateMouse(event) {
  // 针对全窗口
  mouse.x = (event.clientX / window.innerWidth) * 2 - 1;
  mouse.y = -(event.clientY / window.innerHeight) * 2 + 1;
}

// 针对特定 canvas 元素
function updateMouseCanvas(event, canvas) {
  const rect = canvas.getBoundingClientRect();
  mouse.x = ((event.clientX - rect.left) / rect.width) * 2 - 1;
  mouse.y = -((event.clientY - rect.top) / rect.height) * 2 + 1;
}

触摸支持

function onTouchStart(event) {
  event.preventDefault();

  if (event.touches.length === 1) {
    const touch = event.touches[0];
    mouse.x = (touch.clientX / window.innerWidth) * 2 - 1;
    mouse.y = -(touch.clientY / window.innerHeight) * 2 + 1;

    raycaster.setFromCamera(mouse, camera);
    const intersects = raycaster.intersectObjects(clickableObjects);

    if (intersects.length > 0) {
      handleSelection(intersects[0]);
    }
  }
}

renderer.domElement.addEventListener("touchstart", onTouchStart);

射线投射器选项

const raycaster = new THREE.Raycaster();

// 近/远裁剪（默认：0, Infinity）
raycaster.near = 0;
raycaster.far = 100;

// 线/点精度
raycaster.params.Line.threshold = 0.1;
raycaster.params.Points.threshold = 0.1;

// 图层（仅与特定图层上的对象相交）
raycaster.layers.set(1);

高效射线投射

// 仅检查特定对象
const clickables = [mesh1, mesh2, mesh3];
const intersects = raycaster.intersectObjects(clickables, false);

// 使用图层进行过滤
mesh1.layers.set(1); // 可点击图层
raycaster.layers.set(1);

// 为悬停效果节流射线投射
let lastRaycast = 0;
function onMouseMove(event) {
  const now = Date.now();
  if (now - lastRaycast < 50) return; // 最大 20fps
  lastRaycast = now;

  // 在此处进行射线投射
}

相机控制器

OrbitControls

import { OrbitControls } from "three/addons/controls/OrbitControls.js";

const controls = new OrbitControls(camera, renderer.domElement);

// 阻尼（平滑移动）
controls.enableDamping = true;
controls.dampingFactor = 0.05;

// 旋转限制
controls.minPolarAngle = 0; // 顶部
controls.maxPolarAngle = Math.PI / 2; // 地平线
controls.minAzimuthAngle = -Math.PI / 4; // 左侧
controls.maxAzimuthAngle = Math.PI / 4; // 右侧

// 缩放限制
controls.minDistance = 2;
controls.maxDistance = 50;

// 启用/禁用功能
controls.enableRotate = true;
controls.enableZoom = true;
controls.enablePan = true;

// 自动旋转
controls.autoRotate = true;
controls.autoRotateSpeed = 2.0;

// 目标点（旋转中心）
controls.target.set(0, 1, 0);

// 在动画循环中更新
function animate() {
  controls.update(); // 阻尼和自动旋转需要
  renderer.render(scene, camera);
}

FlyControls

import { FlyControls } from "three/addons/controls/FlyControls.js";

const controls = new FlyControls(camera, renderer.domElement);
controls.movementSpeed = 10;
controls.rollSpeed = Math.PI / 24;
controls.dragToLook = true;

// 使用 delta 更新
function animate() {
  controls.update(clock.getDelta());
  renderer.render(scene, camera);
}

FirstPersonControls

import { FirstPersonControls } from "three/addons/controls/FirstPersonControls.js";

const controls = new FirstPersonControls(camera, renderer.domElement);
controls.movementSpeed = 10;
controls.lookSpeed = 0.1;
controls.lookVertical = true;
controls.constrainVertical = true;
controls.verticalMin = Math.PI / 4;
controls.verticalMax = (Math.PI * 3) / 4;

function animate() {
  controls.update(clock.getDelta());
}

PointerLockControls

import { PointerLockControls } from "three/addons/controls/PointerLockControls.js";

const controls = new PointerLockControls(camera, document.body);

// 点击锁定指针
document.addEventListener("click", () => {
  controls.lock();
});

controls.addEventListener("lock", () => {
  console.log("指针已锁定");
});

controls.addEventListener("unlock", () => {
  console.log("指针已解锁");
});

// 移动
const velocity = new THREE.Vector3();
const direction = new THREE.Vector3();
const moveForward = false;
const moveBackward = false;

document.addEventListener("keydown", (event) => {
  switch (event.code) {
    case "KeyW":
      moveForward = true;
      break;
    case "KeyS":
      moveBackward = true;
      break;
  }
});

function animate() {
  if (controls.isLocked) {
    direction.z = Number(moveForward) - Number(moveBackward);
    direction.normalize();

    velocity.z -= direction.z * 0.1;
    velocity.z *= 0.9; // 摩擦力

    controls.moveForward(-velocity.z);
  }
}

TrackballControls

import { TrackballControls } from "three/addons/controls/TrackballControls.js";

const controls = new TrackballControls(camera, renderer.domElement);
controls.rotateSpeed = 2.0;
controls.zoomSpeed = 1.2;
controls.panSpeed = 0.8;
controls.staticMoving = true;

function animate() {
  controls.update();
}

MapControls

import { MapControls } from "three/addons/controls/MapControls.js";

const controls = new MapControls(camera, renderer.domElement);
controls.enableDamping = true;
controls.dampingFactor = 0.05;
controls.screenSpacePanning = false;
controls.maxPolarAngle = Math.PI / 2;

TransformControls

用于移动/旋转/缩放对象的 Gizmo。

import { TransformControls } from "three/addons/controls/TransformControls.js";

const transformControls = new TransformControls(camera, renderer.domElement);
scene.add(transformControls);

// 附加到对象
transformControls.attach(selectedMesh);

// 切换模式
transformControls.setMode("translate"); // 'translate', 'rotate', 'scale'

// 更改空间
transformControls.setSpace("local"); // 'local', 'world'

// 大小
transformControls.setSize(1);

// 事件
transformControls.addEventListener("dragging-changed", (event) => {
  // 拖拽时禁用轨道控制器
  orbitControls.enabled = !event.value;
});

transformControls.addEventListener("change", () => {
  renderer.render(scene, camera);
});

// 键盘快捷键
window.addEventListener("keydown", (event) => {
  switch (event.key) {
    case "g":
      transformControls.setMode("translate");
      break;
    case "r":
      transformControls.setMode("rotate");
      break;
    case "s":
      transformControls.setMode("scale");
      break;
    case "Escape":
      transformControls.detach();
      break;
  }
});

DragControls

直接拖拽对象。

import { DragControls } from "three/addons/controls/DragControls.js";

const draggableObjects = [mesh1, mesh2, mesh3];
const dragControls = new DragControls(
  draggableObjects,
  camera,
  renderer.domElement,
);

dragControls.addEventListener("dragstart", (event) => {
  orbitControls.enabled = false;
  event.object.material.emissive.set(0xaaaaaa);
});

dragControls.addEventListener("drag", (event) => {
  // 限制在地面平面
  event.object.position.y = 0;
});

dragControls.addEventListener("dragend", (event) => {
  orbitControls.enabled = true;
  event.object.material.emissive.set(0x000000);
});

选择系统

点击选择

const raycaster = new THREE.Raycaster();
const mouse = new THREE.Vector2();
let selectedObject = null;

function onMouseDown(event) {
  mouse.x = (event.clientX / window.innerWidth) * 2 - 1;
  mouse.y = -(event.clientY / window.innerHeight) * 2 + 1;

  raycaster.setFromCamera(mouse, camera);
  const intersects = raycaster.intersectObjects(selectableObjects);

  // 取消选择上一个
  if (selectedObject) {
    selectedObject.material.emissive.set(0x000000);
  }

  // 选择新的
  if (intersects.length > 0) {
    selectedObject = intersects[0].object;
    selectedObject.material.emissive.set(0x444444);
  } else {
    selectedObject = null;
  }
}

框选

import { SelectionBox } from "three/addons/interactive/SelectionBox.js";
import { SelectionHelper } from "three/addons/interactive/SelectionHelper.js";

const selectionBox = new SelectionBox(camera, scene);
const selectionHelper = new SelectionHelper(renderer, "selectBox"); // CSS 类名

document.addEventListener("pointerdown", (event) => {
  selectionBox.startPoint.set(
    (event.clientX / window.innerWidth) * 2 - 1,
    -(event.clientY / window.innerHeight) * 2 + 1,
    0.5,
  );
});

document.addEventListener("pointermove", (event) => {
  if (selectionHelper.isDown) {
    selectionBox.endPoint.set(
      (event.clientX / window.innerWidth) * 2 - 1,
      -(event.clientY / window.innerHeight) * 2 + 1,
      0.5,
    );
  }
});

document.addEventListener("pointerup", (event) => {
  selectionBox.endPoint.set(
    (event.clientX / window.innerWidth) * 2 - 1,
    -(event.clientY / window.innerHeight) * 2 + 1,
    0.5,
  );

  const selected = selectionBox.select();
  console.log("选中的对象:", selected);
});

悬停效果

const raycaster = new THREE.Raycaster();
const mouse = new THREE.Vector2();
let hoveredObject = null;

function onMouseMove(event) {
  mouse.x = (event.clientX / window.innerWidth) * 2 - 1;
  mouse.y = -(event.clientY / window.innerHeight) * 2 + 1;

  raycaster.setFromCamera(mouse, camera);
  const intersects = raycaster.intersectObjects(hoverableObjects);

  // 重置之前的悬停
  if (hoveredObject) {
    hoveredObject.material.color.set(hoveredObject.userData.originalColor);
    document.body.style.cursor = "default";
  }

  // 应用新的悬停
  if (intersects.length > 0) {
    hoveredObject = intersects[0].object;
    if (!hoveredObject.userData.originalColor) {
      hoveredObject.userData.originalColor =
        hoveredObject.material.color.getHex();
    }
    hoveredObject.material.color.set(0xff6600);
    document.body.style.cursor = "pointer";
  } else {
    hoveredObject = null;
  }
}

window.addEventListener("mousemove", onMouseMove);

键盘输入

const keys = {};

document.addEventListener("keydown", (event) => {
  keys[event.code] = true;
});

document.addEventListener("keyup", (event) => {
  keys[event.code] = false;
});

function update() {
  const speed = 0.1;

  if (keys["KeyW"]) player.position.z -= speed;
  if (keys["KeyS"]) player.position.z += speed;
  if (keys["KeyA"]) player.position.x -= speed;
  if (keys["KeyD"]) player.position.x += speed;
  if (keys["Space"]) player.position.y += speed;
  if (keys["ShiftLeft"]) player.position.y -= speed;
}

世界-屏幕坐标转换

世界坐标转屏幕坐标

function worldToScreen(position, camera) {
  const vector = position.clone();
  vector.project(camera);

  return {
    x: ((vector.x + 1) / 2) * window.innerWidth,
    y: (-(vector.y - 1) / 2) * window.innerHeight,
  };
}

// 将 HTML 元素定位到 3D 对象上方
const screenPos = worldToScreen(mesh.position, camera);
element.style.left = screenPos.x + "px";
element.style.top = screenPos.y + "px";

屏幕坐标转世界坐标

function screenToWorld(screenX, screenY, camera, targetZ = 0) {
  const vector = new THREE.Vector3(
    (screenX / window.innerWidth) * 2 - 1,
    -(screenY / window.innerHeight) * 2 + 1,
    0.5,
  );

  vector.unproject(camera);

  const dir = vector.sub(camera.position).normalize();
  const distance = (targetZ - camera.position.z) / dir.z;

  return camera.position.clone().add(dir.multiplyScalar(distance));
}

射线-平面交点

function getRayPlaneIntersection(mouse, camera, plane) {
  const raycaster = new THREE.Raycaster();
  raycaster.setFromCamera(mouse, camera);

  const intersection = new THREE.Vector3();
  raycaster.ray.intersectPlane(plane, intersection);

  return intersection;
}

// 地面平面
const groundPlane = new THREE.Plane(new THREE.Vector3(0, 1, 0), 0);
const worldPos = getRayPlaneIntersection(mouse, camera, groundPlane);

事件处理最佳实践

class InteractionManager {
  constructor(camera, renderer, scene) {
    this.camera = camera;
    this.renderer = renderer;
    this.scene = scene;
    this.raycaster = new THREE.Raycaster();
    this.mouse = new THREE.Vector2();
    this.clickables = [];

    this.bindEvents();
  }

  bindEvents() {
    const canvas = this.renderer.domElement;

    canvas.addEventListener("click", (e) => this.onClick(e));
    canvas.addEventListener("mousemove", (e) => this.onMouseMove(e));
    canvas.addEventListener("touchstart", (e) => this.onTouchStart(e));
  }

  updateMouse(event) {
    const rect = this.renderer.domElement.getBoundingClientRect();
    this.mouse.x = ((event.clientX - rect.left) / rect.width) * 2 - 1;
    this.mouse.y = -((event.clientY - rect.top) / rect.height) * 2 + 1;
  }

  getIntersects() {
    this.raycaster.setFromCamera(this.mouse, this.camera);
    return this.raycaster.intersectObjects(this.clickables, true);
  }

  onClick(event) {
    this.updateMouse(event);
    const intersects = this.getIntersects();

    if (intersects.length > 0) {
      const object = intersects[0].object;
      if (object.userData.onClick) {
        object.userData.onClick(intersects[0]);
      }
    }
  }

  addClickable(object, callback) {
    this.clickables.push(object);
    object.userData.onClick = callback;
  }

  dispose() {
    // 移除事件监听器
  }
}

// 使用示例
const interaction = new InteractionManager(camera, renderer, scene);
interaction.addClickable(mesh, (intersect) => {
  console.log("点击位置:", intersect.point);
});

性能提示

限制射线投射次数：对 mousemove 处理函数进行节流
使用图层：过滤射线投射目标
简化碰撞网格：使用不可见的简单几何体进行射线投射
不需要时禁用控制器：controls.enabled = false
批量更新：分组进行交互检查

// 使用更简单的几何体进行射线投射
const complexMesh = loadedModel;
const collisionMesh = new THREE.Mesh(
  new THREE.BoxGeometry(1, 1, 1),
  new THREE.MeshBasicMaterial({ visible: false }),
);
collisionMesh.userData.target = complexMesh;
clickables.push(collisionMesh);

参见

threejs-fundamentals - 相机和场景设置
threejs-animation - 动画交互
threejs-shaders - 视觉反馈效果

threejs-interaction

相关 Skills

Three.js 交互

快速开始

射线投射器 (Raycaster)

基本射线投射

鼠标位置转换

触摸支持

射线投射器选项

高效射线投射

相机控制器

OrbitControls

FlyControls

FirstPersonControls

PointerLockControls

TrackballControls

MapControls

TransformControls

DragControls

选择系统

点击选择

框选

悬停效果

键盘输入

世界-屏幕坐标转换

世界坐标转屏幕坐标

屏幕坐标转世界坐标

射线-平面交点

事件处理最佳实践

性能提示

参见

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