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threejs-loaders

threejs-loaders

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Three.js 资源加载 - GLTF、纹理、图片、模型、异步模式。用于加载 3D 模型、纹理、HDR 环境或管理加载进度。

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更新于 2026/7/9
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threejs-loaders
description

Three.js 资源加载 - GLTF、纹理、图片、模型、异步模式。用于加载 3D 模型、纹理、HDR 环境或管理加载进度。

Three.js 加载器

快速开始

import * as THREE from "three";
import { GLTFLoader } from "three/addons/loaders/GLTFLoader.js";

// 加载 GLTF 模型
const loader = new GLTFLoader();
loader.load("model.glb", (gltf) => {
  scene.add(gltf.scene);
});

// 加载纹理
const textureLoader = new THREE.TextureLoader();
const texture = textureLoader.load("texture.jpg");

LoadingManager

协调多个加载器并跟踪进度。

const manager = new THREE.LoadingManager();

// 回调函数
manager.onStart = (url, loaded, total) => {
  console.log(`Started loading: ${url}`);
};

manager.onLoad = () => {
  console.log("所有资源加载完成！");
  startGame();
};

manager.onProgress = (url, loaded, total) => {
  const progress = (loaded / total) * 100;
  console.log(`Loading: ${progress.toFixed(1)}%`);
  updateProgressBar(progress);
};

manager.onError = (url) => {
  console.error(`Error loading: ${url}`);
};

// 将管理器用于加载器
const textureLoader = new THREE.TextureLoader(manager);
const gltfLoader = new GLTFLoader(manager);

// 加载资源
textureLoader.load("texture1.jpg");
textureLoader.load("texture2.jpg");
gltfLoader.load("model.glb");
// 当所有资源加载完成时触发 onLoad

纹理加载

TextureLoader

const loader = new THREE.TextureLoader();

// 回调风格
loader.load(
  "texture.jpg",
  (texture) => {
    // onLoad
    material.map = texture;
    material.needsUpdate = true;
  },
  undefined, // onProgress - 图片加载不支持
  (error) => {
    // onError
    console.error("加载纹理出错", error);
  },
);

// 同步方式（返回纹理，异步加载）
const texture = loader.load("texture.jpg");
material.map = texture;

纹理配置

const texture = loader.load("texture.jpg", (tex) => {
  // 色彩空间（对颜色准确性很重要）
  tex.colorSpace = THREE.SRGBColorSpace; // 用于颜色/反照率贴图
  // tex.colorSpace = THREE.LinearSRGBColorSpace;  // 用于数据贴图（法线、粗糙度）

  // 包裹方式
  tex.wrapS = THREE.RepeatWrapping;
  tex.wrapT = THREE.RepeatWrapping;
  // ClampToEdgeWrapping, RepeatWrapping, MirroredRepeatWrapping

  // 重复/偏移
  tex.repeat.set(2, 2);
  tex.offset.set(0.5, 0.5);
  tex.rotation = Math.PI / 4;
  tex.center.set(0.5, 0.5);

  // 过滤
  tex.minFilter = THREE.LinearMipmapLinearFilter; // 默认
  tex.magFilter = THREE.LinearFilter; // 默认
  // NearestFilter - 像素化
  // LinearFilter - 平滑
  // LinearMipmapLinearFilter - 带 mipmap 的平滑

  // 各向异性过滤（倾斜角度更清晰）
  tex.anisotropy = renderer.capabilities.getMaxAnisotropy();

  // 翻转 Y（标准纹理通常为 true）
  tex.flipY = true;

  tex.needsUpdate = true;
});

CubeTextureLoader

用于环境贴图和天空盒。

const loader = new THREE.CubeTextureLoader();

// 加载 6 个面
const cubeTexture = loader.load([
  "px.jpg",
  "nx.jpg", // 正/负 X
  "py.jpg",
  "ny.jpg", // 正/负 Y
  "pz.jpg",
  "nz.jpg", // 正/负 Z
]);

// 用作背景
scene.background = cubeTexture;

// 用作环境贴图
scene.environment = cubeTexture;
material.envMap = cubeTexture;

HDR/EXR 加载

import { RGBELoader } from "three/addons/loaders/RGBELoader.js";
import { EXRLoader } from "three/addons/loaders/EXRLoader.js";

// HDR
const rgbeLoader = new RGBELoader();
rgbeLoader.load("environment.hdr", (texture) => {
  texture.mapping = THREE.EquirectangularReflectionMapping;
  scene.environment = texture;
  scene.background = texture;
});

// EXR
const exrLoader = new EXRLoader();
exrLoader.load("environment.exr", (texture) => {
  texture.mapping = THREE.EquirectangularReflectionMapping;
  scene.environment = texture;
});

PMREMGenerator

为 PBR 生成预过滤环境贴图。

import { RGBELoader } from "three/addons/loaders/RGBELoader.js";

const pmremGenerator = new THREE.PMREMGenerator(renderer);
pmremGenerator.compileEquirectangularShader();

new RGBELoader().load("environment.hdr", (texture) => {
  const envMap = pmremGenerator.fromEquirectangular(texture).texture;

  scene.environment = envMap;
  scene.background = envMap;

  texture.dispose();
  pmremGenerator.dispose();
});

GLTF/GLB 加载

Web 上最常见的 3D 格式。

import { GLTFLoader } from "three/addons/loaders/GLTFLoader.js";

const loader = new GLTFLoader();

loader.load("model.glb", (gltf) => {
  // 加载的场景
  const model = gltf.scene;
  scene.add(model);

  // 动画
  const animations = gltf.animations;
  if (animations.length > 0) {
    const mixer = new THREE.AnimationMixer(model);
    animations.forEach((clip) => {
      mixer.clipAction(clip).play();
    });
  }

  // 相机（如果有）
  const cameras = gltf.cameras;

  // 资源信息
  console.log(gltf.asset); // 版本、生成器等

  // 来自 Blender 等的用户数据
  console.log(gltf.userData);
});

带 Draco 压缩的 GLTF

import { GLTFLoader } from "three/addons/loaders/GLTFLoader.js";
import { DRACOLoader } from "three/addons/loaders/DRACOLoader.js";

const dracoLoader = new DRACOLoader();
dracoLoader.setDecoderPath(
  "https://www.gstatic.com/draco/versioned/decoders/1.5.6/",
);
dracoLoader.preload();

const gltfLoader = new GLTFLoader();
gltfLoader.setDRACOLoader(dracoLoader);

gltfLoader.load("compressed-model.glb", (gltf) => {
  scene.add(gltf.scene);
});

带 KTX2 纹理的 GLTF

import { GLTFLoader } from "three/addons/loaders/GLTFLoader.js";
import { KTX2Loader } from "three/addons/loaders/KTX2Loader.js";

const ktx2Loader = new KTX2Loader();
ktx2Loader.setTranscoderPath(
  "https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/three@0.160.0/examples/jsm/libs/basis/",
);
ktx2Loader.detectSupport(renderer);

const gltfLoader = new GLTFLoader();
gltfLoader.setKTX2Loader(ktx2Loader);

gltfLoader.load("model-with-ktx2.glb", (gltf) => {
  scene.add(gltf.scene);
});

处理 GLTF 内容

loader.load("model.glb", (gltf) => {
  const model = gltf.scene;

  // 启用阴影
  model.traverse((child) => {
    if (child.isMesh) {
      child.castShadow = true;
      child.receiveShadow = true;
    }
  });

  // 查找特定网格
  const head = model.getObjectByName("Head");

  // 调整材质
  model.traverse((child) => {
    if (child.isMesh && child.material) {
      child.material.envMapIntensity = 0.5;
    }
  });

  // 居中并缩放
  const box = new THREE.Box3().setFromObject(model);
  const center = box.getCenter(new THREE.Vector3());
  const size = box.getSize(new THREE.Vector3());

  model.position.sub(center);
  const maxDim = Math.max(size.x, size.y, size.z);
  model.scale.setScalar(1 / maxDim);

  scene.add(model);
});

其他模型格式

OBJ + MTL

import { OBJLoader } from "three/addons/loaders/OBJLoader.js";
import { MTLLoader } from "three/addons/loaders/MTLLoader.js";

const mtlLoader = new MTLLoader();
mtlLoader.load("model.mtl", (materials) => {
  materials.preload();

  const objLoader = new OBJLoader();
  objLoader.setMaterials(materials);
  objLoader.load("model.obj", (object) => {
    scene.add(object);
  });
});

FBX

import { FBXLoader } from "three/addons/loaders/FBXLoader.js";

const loader = new FBXLoader();
loader.load("model.fbx", (object) => {
  // FBX 通常有较大的缩放
  object.scale.setScalar(0.01);

  // 动画
  const mixer = new THREE.AnimationMixer(object);
  object.animations.forEach((clip) => {
    mixer.clipAction(clip).play();
  });

  scene.add(object);
});

STL

import { STLLoader } from "three/addons/loaders/STLLoader.js";

const loader = new STLLoader();
loader.load("model.stl", (geometry) => {
  const material = new THREE.MeshStandardMaterial({ color: 0x888888 });
  const mesh = new THREE.Mesh(geometry, material);
  scene.add(mesh);
});

PLY

import { PLYLoader } from "three/addons/loaders/PLYLoader.js";

const loader = new PLYLoader();
loader.load("model.ply", (geometry) => {
  geometry.computeVertexNormals();
  const material = new THREE.MeshStandardMaterial({ vertexColors: true });
  const mesh = new THREE.Mesh(geometry, material);
  scene.add(mesh);
});

异步/Promise 加载

Promise 化的加载器

function loadModel(url) {
  return new Promise((resolve, reject) => {
    loader.load(url, resolve, undefined, reject);
  });
}

// 使用
async function init() {
  try {
    const gltf = await loadModel("model.glb");
    scene.add(gltf.scene);
  } catch (error) {
    console.error("加载模型失败:", error);
  }
}

加载多个资源

async function loadAssets() {
  const [modelGltf, envTexture, colorTexture] = await Promise.all([
    loadGLTF("model.glb"),
    loadRGBE("environment.hdr"),
    loadTexture("color.jpg"),
  ]);

  scene.add(modelGltf.scene);
  scene.environment = envTexture;
  material.map = colorTexture;
}

// 辅助函数
function loadGLTF(url) {
  return new Promise((resolve, reject) => {
    new GLTFLoader().load(url, resolve, undefined, reject);
  });
}

function loadRGBE(url) {
  return new Promise((resolve, reject) => {
    new RGBELoader().load(
      url,
      (texture) => {
        texture.mapping = THREE.EquirectangularReflectionMapping;
        resolve(texture);
      },
      undefined,
      reject,
    );
  });
}

function loadTexture(url) {
  return new Promise((resolve, reject) => {
    new THREE.TextureLoader().load(url, resolve, undefined, reject);
  });
}

缓存

内置缓存

// 启用缓存
THREE.Cache.enabled = true;

// 清除缓存
THREE.Cache.clear();

// 手动缓存管理
THREE.Cache.add("key", data);
THREE.Cache.get("key");
THREE.Cache.remove("key");

自定义资源管理器

class AssetManager {
  constructor() {
    this.textures = new Map();
    this.models = new Map();
    this.gltfLoader = new GLTFLoader();
    this.textureLoader = new THREE.TextureLoader();
  }

  async loadTexture(key, url) {
    if (this.textures.has(key)) {
      return this.textures.get(key);
    }

    const texture = await new Promise((resolve, reject) => {
      this.textureLoader.load(url, resolve, undefined, reject);
    });

    this.textures.set(key, texture);
    return texture;
  }

  async loadModel(key, url) {
    if (this.models.has(key)) {
      return this.models.get(key).clone();
    }

    const gltf = await new Promise((resolve, reject) => {
      this.gltfLoader.load(url, resolve, undefined, reject);
    });

    this.models.set(key, gltf.scene);
    return gltf.scene.clone();
  }

  dispose() {
    this.textures.forEach((t) => t.dispose());
    this.textures.clear();
    this.models.clear();
  }
}

// 使用
const assets = new AssetManager();
const texture = await assets.loadTexture("brick", "brick.jpg");
const model = await assets.loadModel("tree", "tree.glb");

从不同来源加载

Data URL / Base64

const loader = new THREE.TextureLoader();
const texture = loader.load("data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgo...");

Blob URL

async function loadFromBlob(blob) {
  const url = URL.createObjectURL(blob);
  const texture = await loadTexture(url);
  URL.revokeObjectURL(url);
  return texture;
}

ArrayBuffer

// 从 fetch 获取
const response = await fetch("model.glb");
const buffer = await response.arrayBuffer();

// 使用加载器解析
const loader = new GLTFLoader();
loader.parse(buffer, "", (gltf) => {
  scene.add(gltf.scene);
});

自定义路径/URL

// 设置基础路径
loader.setPath("assets/models/");
loader.load("model.glb"); // 从 assets/models/model.glb 加载

// 设置资源路径（用于模型中引用的纹理）
loader.setResourcePath("assets/textures/");

// 自定义 URL 修改器
manager.setURLModifier((url) => {
  return `https://cdn.example.com/${url}`;
});

错误处理

// 优雅降级
async function loadWithFallback(primaryUrl, fallbackUrl) {
  try {
    return await loadModel(primaryUrl);
  } catch (error) {
    console.warn(`Primary failed, trying fallback: ${error}`);
    return await loadModel(fallbackUrl);
  }
}

// 重试逻辑
async function loadWithRetry(url, maxRetries = 3) {
  for (let i = 0; i < maxRetries; i++) {
    try {
      return await loadModel(url);
    } catch (error) {
      if (i === maxRetries - 1) throw error;
      await new Promise((r) => setTimeout(r, 1000 * (i + 1)));
    }
  }
}

// 超时
async function loadWithTimeout(url, timeout = 30000) {
  const controller = new AbortController();
  const timeoutId = setTimeout(() => controller.abort(), timeout);

  try {
    const response = await fetch(url, { signal: controller.signal });
    clearTimeout(timeoutId);
    return response;
  } catch (error) {
    if (error.name === "AbortError") {
      throw new Error("加载超时");
    }
    throw error;
  }
}

性能提示

  1. 使用压缩格式：几何体用 DRACO，纹理用 KTX2/Basis
  2. 渐进加载：加载时显示占位符
  3. 懒加载：只加载需要的内容
  4. 使用 CDN：更快的资源交付
  5. 启用缓存：THREE.Cache.enabled = true
// 带占位符的渐进加载
const placeholder = new THREE.Mesh(
  new THREE.BoxGeometry(1, 1, 1),
  new THREE.MeshBasicMaterial({ wireframe: true }),
);
scene.add(placeholder);

loadModel("model.glb").then((gltf) => {
  scene.remove(placeholder);
  scene.add(gltf.scene);
});

参见

  • threejs-textures - 纹理配置
  • threejs-animation - 播放加载的动画
  • threejs-materials - 从加载的模型获取材质